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(b) Teachers and Students. --The sins just mentioned are mortal or venialaccording to the character of what is done and the circumstances. --In the following cases it is disputedwhether fear invalidates a vow. from non-human and contingent events inaugury and auspice, which divine from the voices or manner of flight ofbirds; in omen or p

, a will made underduress), there is no moral right or obligation produced by reason ofthe gift. , are only major and minor degrees of the sin ofdefamation (see 2012, 2013, 2115). If tax laws are merely penal, there is no obligation ofrestitution, but there is an obligation of payment and of penalty aftersentence. , theprohibitions against lying and adultery) cannot be deficient in thisway and need no supervising equity.